Asia Forcucci

Abstract

When it comes to learning about Francophone regions, the history and legacy of French colonialism must be understood. French colonialism is rooted in the belief of the superiority of the French people over various indigenous cultures. The colonized were thought of as “brutish” or “savage”, and the French felt as though they had an obligation to “civilize” them. This is what is known as the French civilizing mission which is understood in three steps: conquer, educate, and evangelize. Essentially, this mission was a means to strip the colonized of their autonomy and their cultural practices. Colonization was an extremely violent and brutal process not only in a physical sense, but also in a psychological sense. The cultural practices of the colonized were stripped of all their dignity and value by the French. The goal was for the French to create a vast French empire and have French citizens all over the globe. However, due to anti-blackness, racism, and the idea of French superiority, the colonized would never have be considered as authentic French citizens. Even though most colonized nations gained their Independence by the 1960s, the legacy of colonialism has had a lasting impact.

Colonialism is a collective trauma, and one of the ways societies try to reconcile collective traumas is through art and literature. For this project, I decided to read three works of Francophone literature in order to analyze how colonial trauma is expressed through literature. These three works are: Ru by Kim Thûy, Texaco by Patrick Chamoiseau, and L’enfant de sable (Child of Sand) by Tahar Ben Jelloun. Ru is an autobiographical novel about Kim Thûy, who fled Vietnam as a child during the Tet Offensive, and settled in Quebec. Texaco takes place in Martinique, and essentially tells the history of the nation through the life of the protagonist and her father. The protagonist, Marie-Sophie, is fighting against the urbanization and destruction of her village, and through that she recounts the story of her life and the creation of her village. The language of Texaco is unique as it blends French with Martinican Creole. The final book, L’enfant de sable, is about a Moroccan who was born female, and due to the disappointment of his father, is raised as a male. The story is told through multiple different narrators in the style of “The One Thousand and One Nights.” Though all these works were vastly different in terms of style, geographic location, and plot, they contained similar elements.

In terms of this paper, the three main elements I explored were the use of polyphonic voices, the portrayal of hybrid identities, and the deconstruction of linear time. I argue that all these elements are linked to colonial trauma. From this trauma, it is important for the colonized to reassert and appropriate their collective identities that had previously been stolen from them. Colonization represents a period where any autonomous progress these countries could have made was completely halted. It is almost as if time became fractured into before colonization, and after colonization. I suggest that this is the reason why these works present time in a fractured or non-linear way, as it is connected to this aspect of colonialism. I also argue that the use of polyphonic voices in francophone literature demonstrates an attempt for the francophone diaspora to retell their history using their own words, as their voices have been historically silenced. Additionally, due to the mixing of French language and culture with the languages and cultures of various colonized nations, the concept of cultural, religious, and linguistic syncretism is portrayed in these works. Many of the characters in these three works struggle with their hybrid identities and must find a way to come to terms with them, which reflects how these various indigenous cultures have been changed due to the influence of French culture. Though Francophone literature is very diverse and should not be solely characterized by colonial trauma, it is important to understand how some of the elements that tie these works together are a result of this trauma.

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